Several historical fragments of the development of synthetic diamond in China

2013 is a very unusual year for us. It is not only the 55th anniversary of the founding of the institute, but also the 50th anniversary of the birth of the first synthetic diamond in China. As a witness of the development and development of 57 spring and autumn veterans and synthetic diamonds in China, we are willing to revisit a few flashing historical shots for sharing.

Code "121"

In October 1960, the First Ministry of Machinery Industry issued a national key task, codenamed "121", which was later known as the topic of synthetic diamond development.

With the development of China's national economy, the emergence of high-hardness and difficult-to-machine materials, the demand for diamonds in mechanical processing, geological exploration, oil exploration, metallurgy, electronics, stone industry and military systems is increasing. However, China's natural diamond source is scarce, and mining can not meet the demand. At that time, the annual output was only a few thousand carats, so it has been relying on imports and consumed a lot of foreign exchange. Later, due to changes in the international situation, imports were almost hopeless. Synthetic diamonds were only mastered by several industrialized countries such as the United States. As a strategic material, they were severely blocked. Faced with this situation, under the call of the central government's "self-reliance, hard work, and catching up with the world's advanced science and technology," our institute and the fraternal units have undertaken this glorious and arduous task. As a kind of super-hard abrasive at that time, the problem naturally fell into our abrasive research room. At that time, I was deeply stressed as a room director. Under the personal leadership of the leader, after research, the deputy director of the office, Mr. Yu Hongchang, was appointed as the head of the “121” project, and the technical backbones Wang Guangzu, Lu Feixiong, Yu Zhengmin and Li Jinbao formed the group. Together with the General Machinery Research Institute of the Ministry of Machinery and the Institute of Geological Sciences of the Ministry of Geology, under the extremely difficult conditions, the climbing of the scientific and technological peak of synthetic diamond began.

Due to the cooperation of the participating units, after several months of research and analysis, the Taskbook on Artificial Diamond Research Project proposed by the research group was officially approved by the Ministry of Machinery in March 1961. Firstly, the design and manufacture of high temperature and high pressure devices were completed mainly by GM. At the end of 1962, China's first set of Type 61 high temperature and high pressure devices was provided, which provided conditions for synthetic diamond synthesis experiments. At the same time, our "121" research group searched for books, materials, analysis and argumentation, and wrote "Theory of Synthetic Diamond Synthesis Industry" and "Implementation Plan for Synthetic Diamond Synthesis Process", which was officially proposed in November 1962. The "Man-made Diamond Synthetic Process Plan" provides a theoretical basis and implementation plan for the development of synthetic diamond. After repeated failures, breaking through the difficulties, finally on December 6, 1963, in the 32nd synthetic test of the last group of programs, the first synthetic diamond in China was synthesized. In less than three years, it has completed the journey of industrialized countries for more than 10 years. The code name "121" has therefore been forever recorded in the history of science and technology in China. This project has won the National Science Conference Award, the National Machinery Industry Science Conference Award, and the Henan Provincial Science Conference Award.

"121" is another reason why we have never forgotten for generations, because it is "the house number of the house." (My original address: No. 121 Huashan Road, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou City, current location: 121 Wutong Street, High-tech Zone, Zhengzhou City).

Prime Minister’s care

Dear Zhou Enlai, the former Prime Minister, has been concerned about the development of synthetic diamonds in China during his working days and daily affairs. I remember that in 1969, when a head of the Ministry of Machines reported the diamond production to the Prime Minister, the Prime Minister made three instructions: First, the diamonds were later arrested by the comrades. (Comrade Li Xiannian was appointed as the deputy prime minister). Second, diamonds should also engage in mass movements like polysilicon and monocrystalline silicon. (At that time, the country was vigorously promoting the production of polysilicon and monocrystalline silicon. Third, whether it can produce 200,000 carats next year! The historical facts comforted the Prime Minister and all three instructions were fulfilled.

First of all, Vice Premier Li has not only made many verbal instructions at various stages of the development of synthetic diamonds, but also made many written instructions.

For example, on October 29, 1970, in the "Shanghai Grinding Wheel Factory broke the technical mystery, the diamond production increased by 13 times" briefing on the report: whether diamond production can also be a annihilation battle like polysilicon, monocrystalline silicon. From this briefing, it is not so mysterious. The Shanghai Grinding Wheel Factory has already opened the way, and other factories can learn.

On the eve of the National Synthetic Diamond Conference in September 1971, Vice Premier Li instructed that this important strategic material must be based on the domestic market. Now it costs tens of millions of dollars to import from capitalist countries every year. What should people do?

On December 29, 1971, the National Planning Conference forwarded the "Report on the Production and Research of Synthetic Diamonds" and stated that it will always capture good quality and quantity.

On July 26, 1973, the State Council Letters and Visits Office Briefing 61, "On the issue of artificial diamond production backlog on Shangsha." Instructions: Why is diamond not used? Is it not promoted? It is recommended to investigate and expand the scope of use. When the sales are not going out, the Ministry of Finance will close it up. I wonder if foreign trade can be exported?

On September 9, 1973, the report of the Ministry of Machinery on the issue of the accumulation of synthetic diamonds was approved: it is recommended to adopt a positive policy and not to pour cold water. Some problems with a new product are understandable. If you encounter problems and make progress, do you still have trouble retreating? You can only take advantage of the difficulties and never retreat. It is an opportunist to retreat. However, it is necessary to mobilize the masses, strengthen leadership, sum up experience, and quickly improve quality and multi-variety production. Don't worry, but you can't be too slow. If you can do it with the utmost strength, you should do it. If you do not do what you can, you can continue to sum up your experience.

On June 23, 1974, in the proposal to send a brick and stone investigation team to Ghana and Zaire, I stated that we have been very tight in the past few years and have made progress. It has almost cooled down in recent years. Still take this work hard! The foothold should be produced on your own, and relying on yourself is the only good way.

On October 14, 1974, the Geological Bureau compiled the "Geological Briefing" at the end of 1974, the 27th issue of "China's Natural Diamond Resources": artificial diamonds can not be relaxed.

On October 25, 1974, the instructions for the Ministry of Machinery and Industry were reflected in the "Seventeenth Supplement" and "New Progress on the Development and Application of Synthetic Diamonds": To be encouraged.

Second, under the direction of the Prime Minister and other central leaders, we have made every effort to promote the promotion of synthetic diamonds. By participating in the site selection, design and providing a full set of production process technical information and personnel training, China's first synthetic diamond professional production plant - the sixth grinding wheel factory was put into trial production at the end of 1969. In the promotion of synthetic diamond activities, we have printed a large number of promotional materials such as diamond applications and a full set of basic process technology materials for synthetic diamond production, free of charge to relevant units across the country. Unselfishly and unpaidly, it has trained three or four hundred professional technicians and workers for dozens of units in the industry and metallurgical, geological, petroleum, coal, military and other systems. For example, only the logistics unit 712 of the Wuhan Military Region has more than 40 people trained by one unit. At that time, in order to create learning conditions for the students, the whole machine was fully loaded and the trainees took turns to work. The canteen was tense, and the leader personally led the cadre to the cafeteria to help the kitchen. The single dormitory was full, and some of the labs were ordered to solve the accommodation difficulties. Therefore, the production of synthetic diamond in China is soon spread like polysilicon and monocrystalline silicon in the country.

Thirdly, in addition to our institute and Liusha, many participating training units have also been put into production very quickly. In 1970, China's synthetic diamond production jumped through the 200,000 carats required by the Prime Minister, and actually completed 240,000 carats.

Research-based and small production

In order to make the scientific research results of synthetic diamonds transfer to industrial production as soon as possible, in April 1965, the Ministry of Machinery and Industry, the Jinan Casting and Forging Institute and the Shanghai Materials Institute issued the "Intermediate Trial Plan for Synthetic Diamonds" approved by the State Science and Technology Commission. Book, requires the establishment of a synthetic diamond intermediate test base in our institute. In addition to the overall responsibility of the project, I also undertake the research tasks of synthesis process, raw material processing technology, product sorting process, physical and chemical identification and inspection methods. The casting and forging is responsible for the design and trial production of the six-sided top press and the material responsible for the development of the hard alloy top hammer. Thanks to the joint efforts of the three units, it took less than a year to complete the construction of the test base. In the completion of this task, I mobilized all the strengths and teamwork, in the scorching sun, in the harmful smoke, sleepless nights, hard work, and some comrades broke the eardrum in the explosion of the top hammer, the horse in the law The hands and feet were burned in the acid treatment.

In the research, construction, and production, my artificial diamond production exceeded 10,000 carats in 1966. The material is rare, because the artificial diamond was only produced exclusively by me at the beginning of the intermediate test stage, so the price was very expensive. At present, the abrasive grade of a penny and a carat on the market today was 30 yuan per carat. The industry has always looked at the envious eyes and joked: "The abrasives are really a press, gold is two!" Especially in 1967, we not only expanded the diamond production, but also successfully developed and put into production diamond powder and grinding paste. It not only meets the urgent needs of some departments of the national economy and the military system, but also brings great economic benefits. Not only guarantees research expenses, but also makes the funds of the whole office more self-sufficient. Therefore, under the coordination of the ministry and the bureau, interest-free loans were made to the economically difficult brother factories. This is a miracle for the national-level research institutes that have been eating "Imperial Food". It was also unique in the country. To this end, the State Science and Technology Commission has adopted the model of “taking research as the mainstay and engaging in small-scale production” and has promoted our institute to the national scientific research units. Our institute has also been invited to introduce experiences at relevant conferences at the national, provincial and municipal levels. The policy of "taking research as the mainstay and engaging in small production" has guided the development of our institute for a long time.

Marching into the big particles

At the same time, abrasive grades of synthetic diamonds are gradually turning to industrial production, in order to meet the needs of the national economy for large-grain diamonds. Inspired by the slogan of the leaders of the central government, "Diamonds must be based on domesticity, based on man-made" and "people must win the day" (referring to man-made must be better than natural), according to the spirit of the instructions of a machine department, our institute began in 1967. Large particle synthetic diamonds marched. In 1968, the "large particle synthetic diamond test research group" was formally established. In response to the call and confidentiality of the “May 7th” road at that time, the group’s external name was “Five-Seven Test Team”. I am also the team leader, Shao Dehou, and Yu Hongchang as the deputy leader, and served as the head of the single crystal and polycrystalline research group. At the time of the Cultural Revolution, the cadres were all decentralized. Therefore, the workers, technicians, and leading cadres of the experimental group formulated the plan together with the research plan, and participated in the test on the same day and night, and summarized and improved the improvement, brainstorming and researching, and quickly achieved remarkable results. A single crystal of about 1 mm in good quality and a small amount of black diamond of 1.5 mm were synthesized on the single crystal. We synthesized the largest single crystal up to 6mm. Although the color and strength of the product are not ideal due to the limitations of equipment and other conditions, we have explored the valuable parameters such as the selection, assembly method and process conditions of the large particle synthetic diamond synthetic material. The development of large-particle, high-strength synthetic diamonds laid the foundation; although the development of polycrystalline diamond started a little later, it quickly made a breakthrough. It not only illustrates the correctness of the development of large-grained synthetic diamonds, but also the different specifications of polycrystalline diamonds that have been successfully developed and put into production. It also meets the urgent needs of the geological, petroleum, coal and other departments at that time. With the polycrystalline diamond we produced, the "Jet-type synthetic diamond polycrystalline three-scraper drill bit" developed by our company and Shengli Oilfield not only realized the many years of dreams of the iron man Wang Jinxi and other oilfield masters, "a drill bit hits a well", but also created The world record of 31.25.87m for a single drill bit was awarded the second prize for national invention and the second prize for scientific and technological achievements of Henan Province. The research project of large-grain synthetic diamond has also won the National, All-Mechanical Industry and Henan Provincial Science Conference Awards.

"Who said that chicken feathers can't go to heaven"

In the transition from synthetic diamond to industrial production, as the backbone enterprise of the abrasives industry in China, Shanghai Wheel Factory has always been one of the units in front. During the intermediate test stage of our artificial diamonds, they prepared production conditions and sent workers and technicians to our training. Trial production began shortly after returning to the factory, and by 1970 diamond production soared 13 times. The news went to the Central Committee through the internal reference, and Vice Premier Li specifically gave instructions. A machine department also attaches great importance to it, asking us to send people to help summarize the experience in order to promote in the industry. I specially rushed to Shanghai according to the arrangement. Zhu Qingsheng was personally in charge of the factory. He also specially invited a reporter from Wenhui Daily. After a week of intense activities, we visited workers, technicians and relevant leaders, held several forums and summed up a typical material. Shanghai Wenhui Daily used the topic of "Who said that chicken feathers can't go to heaven", and used nearly half of the length of the paper to make special reports.

Grab the "three hairs"

On January 24, 1971, the National Planning Conference was held at the Beijing National Hotel. Comrade Yuan Baohua presided over a discussion on the development of materials industry such as synthetic diamonds. At the meeting, Comrade Chen Huatang (who was then deputy director of the State Planning Commission) proposed to promote the development of the material industry by grasping three hairs. Three hairs refer to silicon, tantalum titanium, and synthetic diamond. At the same time, I pointed out that catching three hairs must focus not only on things but also on politics. He said: How can we do such a big country, relying on imports and playing with it? Moreover, the people of the world revolution are watching us, people are asking us, and we are saying "no". A brother country asked us for 100 kilograms of monocrystalline silicon. Comrade Zhou Zijian did not dare to agree. It was too bad for Premier Zhou to nod. He went on to say: These three hairs were first read by Comrades, Comrade Qiuli, and Comrade Baohua. If you look at it, you must make up your mind and get to the bottom. It is necessary to form a leading group and implement it at different levels.

After the meeting, in order to strengthen the leadership of research and production of synthetic diamonds and natural diamonds, under the auspices of Vice Premier Li, the National Diamond Leading Group was established. At the same time, Vice Minister Zhou Zijian was appointed as the leader of the department, and then the director of the Building Materials Bureau, Bai Xiangyin, was appointed as the deputy leader. It is clear that the synthetic diamond is under the jurisdiction of a machine department, and the natural diamond is under the jurisdiction of the Building Materials Bureau.
The National Diamond Leading Group has played an indelible historical role in China's development today as the world's largest producer of synthetic diamonds.

Oath

In September 1971, according to Vice Premier Li, "the important strategic material (referred to as synthetic diamond) must be based on the spirit of the directive", organized by the Ministry of Machinery, and the "National Synthetic Diamond Conference" hosted by China was held in Zhengzhou. . Representatives from relevant provinces and cities and relevant departments and systems of the central government gathered in Zhengzhou. Comrade Zhou Zijian issued a vow in the final speech, he said: Comrades! We must live up to the mission, unite and cooperate, go all out, implement the instructions of the central leadership, implement the spirit of the conference, and resolutely carry out the diamond industry. "If you don't achieve your goal, I will go with you to the Yellow River."

Through this meeting, the national mobilization was blown, and the number of the synthetic diamond industry was vigorously developed. The output in 1971 jumped from 245,000 carats in 170 years to 1.39 million carats.

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