In recent years, the addition of oil and fat components in aquatic feeds has increased, and the problem of fatty liver in fish has become more serious. Under the current situation of high-fat feeds, how to effectively control the occurrence of fatty liver in fish has become the common concern of many aquatic people. topic of. In feed production, what are the raw materials commonly used to prevent fatty liver?
First, bile acid
Bile acid: A metabolite of cholesterol degradation in the liver, an important component of bile, plays an important role in intestinal fat metabolism. Bile acids are mainly found in the enterohepatic circulatory system and provide some protection through recycling.
1. Promote the digestion and absorption of lipids.
The bile acid molecule contains both hydrophilic hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups, as well as hydrophobic methyl groups and hydrocarbon cores. At the same time, the steric coordination of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups is all α-type. Therefore, the main configuration of bile acids has hydrophilic and hydrophobic sides, which makes the molecules have the characteristics of interfacial active molecules and can reduce the surface between oil and water. The tension promotes lipid emulsification, enhances the lipolysis of the pancreas, and increases the solubility of lipids by forming mixed colloidal particles, thereby promoting the absorption of lipids by the intestinal tract.
2. Inhibition of cholesterol precipitation in bile (calculus)
Bile acids also have the effect of preventing gallstone formation. Cholesterol is hardly soluble in water. When bile is discharged into the gallbladder, bile is concentrated in the gallbladder. Cholesterol is easy to precipitate. But because bile contains bile acid salt and lecithin, it can disperse cholesterol to form soluble micelles and not precipitate easily. .
3. The relationship between bile acid and cholesterol
(1) Bile acid provides an important route of excretion for cholesterol metabolism. The catabolism of 1/3 of cholesterol is achieved by bile acid synthesis.
(2) Absorbed bile acids play a negative feedback regulation on the synthesis of bile acids, and thus also have a negative feedback regulation effect on the decomposition of cholesterol.
Second, choline
Choline is a strong organic base, a constituent of lecithin and a precursor of acetylcholine. Choline is heat-resistant and has little loss during processing. In a dry environment, there is almost no change in the choline content of food stored for a long time.
1. Promote fat metabolism
Choline has an affinity for fat, which promotes the transport of fat from the liver through the blood in the form of phospholipids or improves the utilization of the fatty acids themselves in the liver and prevents the abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver. If there is no choline, fat accumulates in the liver and fatty liver appears, which is morbid.
2. Lower serum cholesterol
Choline and phospholipids have good emulsifying properties, can prevent the deposition of cholesterol on the inner wall of blood vessels and remove some of the sediment, while improving the absorption and utilization of fat.
Third, inositol
Inositol is a water-soluble vitamin; one of the vitamin B families, like inositol, is a lipophilic vitamin, also known as cyclohexanol. It can promote cell metabolism, promote development, increase appetite, and treat liver hyperlipidemia and cirrhosis.
Fourth, betaine
Anti-fatty liver: Rats are given orally for a long time (75 days), which can raise the level of phospholipids in blood and liver. Pre- or simultaneous administration of this product can counteract the decrease of phospholipid and total cholesterol in rat liver caused by carbon tetrachloride. And improved; BSP, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase and other tests have improved. The effect of hydrazine on lipid metabolism or anti-fatty liver is mainly due to the presence of betaine, which acts as a methyl donor in the body.
V. Allicin
The cardiovascular effect of allicin is achieved by lowering total plasma cholesterol, lowering blood pressure, inhibiting platelet activity, reducing hematocrit, and lowering blood viscosity. Allicin has an inhibitory effect on the increase of cholesterol and fibrinogen in the body, and can increase fibrinolytic activity. The mechanism of allicin hypotension may be through calcium antagonism, expansion of peripheral blood vessels, or through synergistic antihypertensive effects.
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