The processing of compound feed is the key to ensure the performance of feed products and the economics of the factory. With advanced equipment and good processing technology, it not only saves manpower and material resources, but also obtains excellent products. Therefore, monitoring the quality of each process link in the production process plays a decisive role in the control of the quality of the compound feed products. In addition, the measurement of ingredients in strict accordance with the requirements of the feed formula to ensure the normal processing of the entire process is the focus of quality control of the feed production process. The following is an overview of the quality control in the processing of various feeds, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for its large-scale specialized production.
1 Quality control of raw material cleaning
The main raw materials and auxiliary materials should be cleaned and iron-removed. The organic impurities should not exceed 50mg/kg, the diameter should be no more than 10mm, the magnetic impurities should not exceed 50mg/kg, the diameter should be no more than 2mm, and in order to ensure safety, the feed pit should be The grid screen with a spacing of 30 40 mm is arranged to remove impurities, and the de-doping and de-ironing process should be carried out before the feed material is pulverized or the powder is granulated. In addition, the staff should regularly check the working condition of the cleaning equipment and the magnetic separation equipment to see if there are any damage or hole blocking, and regularly clean the residual materials of various mechanical equipment.
2 quality control of raw material crushing
The pulverization process of the feed mainly controls the pulverization particle size and its uniformity. If the feed granules are too large or too small, the segregation of the feed will occur, thereby destroying the uniformity of the feed product (Zhao Yizhan et al., 2005). Each type of livestock and poultry has a suitable range of feed size, such as piglets, compound feed for growing and finishing pigs, and pre-mixed feed for broiler chickens, and 99% of the feed for laying eggs (pre-phase) with 2.8mm woven sieve, no whole grain Grain, 1.4mm woven sieves are not more than 15%. The operator of the pulverizer should always pay attention to observe the pulverizing capacity of the pulverizer and the particle size of the pulverizer. The pulverizing machine has abnormal pulverizing ability (the pulverizer current is too small). One of the reasons is that the pulverizer screen has been leaked and the material size has passed. Large, if it is found that there is a whole grain or too coarse grain size, it should be stopped in time to check whether there is a loophole in the screen of the crusher or a misalignment of the screen and a gap between the side baffles. Secondly, the pulverizer should be inspected frequently for any heat. If there is a fever, the pulverizer blocking phenomenon may occur in time to observe whether the pulverizer current is overloaded. Finally, the grinder hammer should be inspected regularly for wear and tear, and the screen should be checked for leaks, leaks and misalignment.
3 quality control of ingredients
3.1 raw materials measurement ingredients
According to the process requirements of compound feed production, there are currently two methods of metering and batching. One is the unmilled raw material metering ingredients. This method is based on the formulation requirements before the raw materials are not pulverized, and then the measured ingredients are matched. Good raw materials are pulverized, mixed and granulated. The advantage of this process is that the smashing is convenient, and the same raw material only needs to be stored in one place, and the feed storage space is saved. The disadvantage is that the error between the produced compound feed product and the formula is large. The higher the moisture content of the raw material, the more weight loss after pulverization, not only affects the absolute proportion of the formulation itself, but also the relative proportion of the whole mixture and other raw materials. proportion. A better way to overcome this shortcoming is to increase the insurance factor of feed metering. The loss of general processing can be considered at 5% to 10%. The feed with a higher water content and larger grain size can be increased by a certain amount. Guangdong, 2015). The second method of batching is to pulverize the raw materials, that is, the raw materials are separately pulverized according to the unified specifications and then separately stored, and then the pulverized raw materials are metered and matched according to the formulation requirements, and the mixing and granulation processes are directly carried out after the mixing. The error of this process is relatively small, but the storage space is increased. At least two places need to be stored in one raw material. The medium and large-scale compound feed production is generally produced in this way. The measurement is relatively accurate, the matching error is relatively small, and the measurement is measured according to the formula. With the cooperation, it is easy to achieve the nutritional quality required by the formula.
3.2 Measurement of trace components
The combination of trace components is complex and error-prone. In the compound feed, such components mainly include vitamins, trace elements, non-nutritive additives, calcium, phosphorus and salt. The metering of such ingredients should be carried out according to the mixer. The amount of the mixture is calculated, and the amount of all the micro feeds to be added is calculated, and then divided into several parts and concentrated separately. If all the added vitamins are concentrated together as a part, trace elements, calcium, phosphorus and salt are concentrated together as a part, non-nutritive additives are concentrated together as one part, or only concentrated into two parts, one part is mineral The other part of the feed is other trace feed ingredients, including synthetic amino acids. When prepared, add the prepared trace components to each batch as required and record them. In order to reduce the loss of trace components, the mineral elements are finally added to the mixer. Other trace components should not be added simultaneously with the mineral elements. Use energy feed or protein feed to separate into the mixer, do not directly contact the wall of the mixer, the premix part of the feed is added to the mixer, and then start mixing.
4 mixed quality control
The mixing quality control of feed is closely related to the correct operation of the mixing process. The order of adding raw materials should be paid attention to in the production. Generally, the raw materials with larger dosage should be put into the first place. The less the raw materials should be added later, such as the vitamins in the premix. , trace elements and drugs. When adding a liquid material such as grease, spray it from the nozzle on the upper part of the mixer and spray it as much as possible to prevent the feed from agglomerating or forming a small ball. Before the liquid raw materials are added, all the dry materials must be mixed evenly, and the mixing time should be extended accordingly. When replacing the varieties, the residual materials in the mixer should be cleaned. The optimum mixing time depends on the type of mixer and the nature of the raw materials. Generally, the mixer manufacturer provides a reasonable mixing time. If the mixing time is not enough, the mixing will be uneven. If the time is too long, the mixing will be caused by excessive mixing (Ye Liru, 1999). ).
Mixing should pay attention to its control points. When mixing, it is necessary to choose a suitable mixer. Generally, the ribbon mixer is used more. This type of machine has higher production efficiency and faster discharge speed, while the cone planetary mixer has higher price, but the equipment performance is good. The residual amount is small, the mixing uniformity is high, and liquid materials such as grease can be added, which is a suitable pre-mixing device. Mixing uniformity and optimal mixing time should be checked regularly. If the time is too long or too short, the uniformity of material mixing will be affected, and the gap between the ribbon and the bottom case should be adjusted in time. The mixer should be regularly maintained and repaired to eliminate the leakage phenomenon and clean up the residue. materials. When changing the formula, the mixer must be thoroughly cleaned to prevent cross-contamination. For the cleaned feed, it is usually buried or burned. The vacuum cleaner feedstock should not be sent directly to the mixer, and the ingredients should be processed before treatment. The premixing operation should be separated from the main mixing operation to avoid cross-contamination. The conveying distance of the finished product should be minimized to prevent the classification of the feed, and after the premixed feed is mixed, it is best to directly bag.
5 Quality Control of Product Forming
The productivity and quality of the formed feed, in addition to the performance of the forming equipment, depends to a large extent on the properties of the raw material forming and the quenching and tempering process. The granulation process conditions are based on the physicochemical properties of the main raw materials in the feed formulation and the granulation properties of the ration. It mainly includes the quenching and tempering conditions of the materials prepared for the forming, namely steam pressure, temperature, moisture and quenching and tempering time. The granulation quality includes the quality of the feed and the quality of the feed. The granulation process includes cold pressed granules and steam hot pressed granules. For the suckling pig and piglet feed, it is better to use hot pressed granules. The technical process required for hot pressing granules is more complicated. Not only the right mechanical equipment, but also the appropriate steam quality, that is, the appropriate interaction between steam, feed and machinery, can be used to suppress high-quality hot-pressed particles. Control the appropriate steam pressure, the temperature inside the conditioner (about 80 °C), the quenching time (usually about half a minute, if necessary, double conditioner to ensure the quality of quenching and tempering) and the granulation speed to obtain high quality pellet feed. .
During the granulation process, it is necessary to pay attention to the inspection and maintenance of the granulating equipment, clean the magnet on the granulator every time, remove the iron slag, check the wear of the stamper and the pressure roller, and whether the cooler has accumulated material, and regularly check the crusher. Roller teeth and cutter wear and steam trap operation to ensure the quality of steam entering the conditioner, and check the graded screen surface for damage, blockage and adhesion to ensure the classification effect. The quenching and tempering treatment before granulation has great influence on improving the granulation performance and the pellet forming rate of the feed. The general tempering time is 10-20s, and the prolonging and tempering time can improve the quenching and tempering effect. In addition, to control the pressure of steam and the condensed water content in the steam, the moisture of the feed after quenching and tempering is between 16% and 18%, the temperature is between 68 and 82 ° C, and the pressure roller is adjusted to rotate when the mold is rotated at a low speed. Only the high point position of the stamper is obtained, which minimizes mutual contact and reduces wear.
6 Packaging Quality Management
The staff should check in advance whether the work of the package is normal. The set weight should be the same as the weight required for the package. The error should be controlled at 1% to 2%, and the packaged feed and the package and feed labels should be checked for correctness. Packing personnel should pay attention to the appearance of the feed at any time, and find that abnormal conditions should be handled in time to ensure the quality of the sewing package, and can not leak and drop the thread. The key to quality management lies in the management of personnel. Qualified quality control personnel should be familiar with the production process. The operation of the equipment should be frequent, and equipment failures affecting quality and incorrect operation of violation of operating procedures should be pointed out in time. Every day, check whether the theoretical quantity of the additive stock is consistent with the actual quantity, carefully read the records, and calibrate the measuring instruments. The statuometric measurement department should be required to repair and calibrate the measuring instruments every year, and clearly understand the production plan, according to the production plan and warehouse. Whether the inventory supervision production plan is issued is reasonable. The additive should be inspected for failure due to long-term inventory. The artificial addition port should be checked frequently to prevent additives, grease, whey powder, etc. from being added, added or added, and the mixer should be adjusted every quarter to make the mixer Mixing uniformity (CV) 5%. Regularly supervise the workshop, regularly clean the mixer, pit, cellar, silo, buffer bin, granulation system and packaging system, especially the granulator, the feeder, the exhaust pipe and the wind If the device is cleaned, it must be sprayed with anti-chemical drugs. The anti-chemical drugs must be harmless to humans and animals and have little residue. In addition, it is necessary to check whether the pulverization particle size meets the requirements of the finished product, whether the pulverizer screen is broken, whether the granulation system is clogged, whether the vent pipe is broken, whether the granulation parameters are proper, and whether the granulation effect meets the requirements.
7 Summary
In the production of feed, it is necessary to select appropriate mechanical equipment and excellent technology, measure ingredients according to the requirements of feed formula, strictly grasp the key elements of each link and follow the rules and regulations, and pay attention to social and economic benefits to ensure the processing quality of feed products. .
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