First, the requirements of the growth of fruit trees on the soil
Soil is the basis for the growth of fruit trees. The water and nutrients needed for fruit trees' life activities are mainly from the soil. The relationship between soil temperature, water, gas, pH and soil depth was analyzed, which is important for the increase of fruit trees.
Second, fruit tree root development characteristics
1. The root growth peak is staggered with the shoot growth, fruit development and flower bud differentiation.
2. The growth of new roots, the thickening of old roots, etc., all require hormones from the young leaves of the shoot tips, which is why the roots are long.
3. Under the conditions of suitable water, when there are many nitrogen and the nutrients such as phosphorus, potassium and trace are lacking, the roots are prolonged, and the new roots are long and the branches are few.
4. When the phosphorus and potassium micro-fertilizers are sufficient, the root branches have a large density; while the phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is sufficient and the nitrogen is deficient, the root senescence process is intensified.
Third, the demand characteristics of fruit trees for nutrients
1. Perennial, long-lived and long-lived, the demand for nutrients varies from period to period.
2, the requirements for medium and trace elements are more stringent, often have a deficiency in life.
3. Fruit trees have a direct relationship with many intractable diseases and malnutrition.
4, foliar nutrition supplement is the key to fruit harvest and harvest.
Fourth, the impact of light on fruit growth
1. The tree is too strong, resulting in uneven illumination of the tree, which directly affects the expansion and coloration of the fruit.
2. Insufficient internal illumination will greatly reduce the fruit set rate of the guilt and affect the overall output.
3, lack of light, can also lead to high incidence of pests and diseases, especially a lot of explosive diseases and tree ventilation and poor light transmission is directly related.
V. Nutritional growth and reproductive growth
Storage nutrition is the material basis for the continuation of tree life during the year. The lack of growth will inevitably affect the growth and development of normal germination, flowering, fruit setting, shoot growth, root development, etc. in the second year, and further affect the process of fruit enlargement and flower bud differentiation.
Vegetative growth is the foundation, and reproductive growth is the purpose. When vegetative growth is carried out to a certain extent, it is necessary to promote the transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth in time. The soil fertilization is mainly based on organic fertilizer, with little or no application of nitrogen fertilizer.
In the early stage of foliar fertilization, nitrogen was dominant, and in the middle and late stages, phosphorus and potassium were the main factors to promote flower bud formation and early results.
After entering the fruiting period, reproductive growth dominates, and a large amount of nutrients are used for flowering results. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are applied in combination with fertilization to increase the amount of nitrogen and potassium to meet the fruit needs.
6. Relationship between the lower part of the earth and the upper part of the earth
There is a certain correlation between the aboveground and lower parts of the fruit trees.
In general, the distribution of horizontal roots is about 1 to 2 times the diameter of the canopy, but most of them are concentrated on the outer edge of the canopy projection or a little further away. Its vertical distribution varies with tree species, soil quality, and management level. Generally, apples, pears, walnuts, chestnuts, grapes, etc. have a deep root distribution, which can reach 70-80 cm, but more than 80% of the roots are concentrated in the soil layer of about 60 cm, and the root distribution of peach, apricot, plum, and cherry. It is shallow, and most of it is in the soil layer of about 40 cm.
Therefore, when fertilizing, the fertilizer should be applied according to this feature. Deep root distribution should be properly applied, and shallow application, organic fertilizer decomposition is slower, fertilizer supply period is longer, it is better to apply fertilizer, fertilizer is more mobile, and can be applied shallowly. For example, organic fertilizer, apple and other deep fruit trees are applied to a depth of 40 to 60 cm, while peaches and other shallow root trees are 30 to 40 cm. At the same time, fertilization should be based on the canopy projection edge and a little farther, so that the fertilizer effect can be maximized.
Seven, fruit trees spring and autumn tips
1. What is the phenomenon of spring and autumn shoots: It means that under the high temperature conditions in summer, the growth of new shoots is stagnant. After the autumn temperature returns to suitable conditions, the growth phenomenon is resumed.
2. Reasonable use of spring and autumn shoots: This phenomenon leads to the second root growth peak in fruit trees, which is the best time for top dressing.
Eight, fruit expansion period
1. The concept of hard core period: refers to the fruit diameter of about 3 cm, which is slightly smaller than walnut. At this time, the internal material of the core is forming, but the period of slow growth of the upper part is generally in the middle and late May, and the fertilizer is relatively large. Period.
2, the concept of the second expansion period: refers to the growth of new shoots due to the impact of high temperature, at this time the roots began to grow rapidly, the ability to absorb nutrients increased, the fruit quickly expanded, generally in June and mid-July.
Nine, fruit tree size phenomenon
The flowering of the New Year and the excessive results made the fruit trees consume too much nutrients in the same year, which caused the tree to weaken in the second year, flowering and less results, and formed a small year; the orchard was improperly managed and extensively, such as improper application of fertilizer or water, or improperly trimmed, The tree growth is unbalanced; the lack of boron fertilizer in the tree leads to poor flower bud differentiation of the fruit trees, and obstacles in the pollination and fertilization process, thus affecting the overall yield.
X. Leaf spray fertilizer and fruit tree production
It can avoid the fixation and loss of certain nutrients in the soil and improve the utilization of nutrients; it is not affected by the nutrient center of the tree, such as the top advantage, and the nutrients can be distributed and utilized nearby, so that the middle and small branches of the fruit trees can also be nutritious; nutrition The absorption and action are fast, and sometimes have an immediate effect in the correction of deficiency syndrome. Common foliar fertilizers for fruit trees include: boron fertilizer, iron fertilizer, zinc fertilizer, calcium fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, and nitrogen fertilizer.
11. Fruit tree diseases and fruit tree nutrition
Lack of trace elements in the soil leads to malnutrition in the tree, weak tree potential and reduced resistance. It is the main cause of diseases such as ring rot, rot disease and dry rot; excessive nitrogen fertilizer and excessive tree potential will cause Stem leaves and fruits compete for nutrients, affecting fruit enlargement and coloration, and also the main cause of fruit tree gum disease; improper plastic trimming, resulting in unreasonable nutrient supply of trees, uneven growth of trees, poor internal ventilation and light transmission, Lead to high incidence of pests and diseases.
Twelve, fruit tree fertilization period
1. Autumn application base fertilizer: This period is the third growth peak of fruit trees. It is generally carried out in October. The nutrient requirements are comprehensive and can provide nutrients evenly and long-term.
2, germination fertilizer, pre-flowering fertilizer: 2-4 weeks before germination, this period is the first growth peak of fruit tree roots, the tree body mainly consumes storage nutrition, mainly available nitrogen fertilizer, which can improve fruit setting rate and shoot uniformity.
3, fruit fertilizer, flower bud differentiation fertilizer: the use of new shoots to stop growth, usually in early June is better, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, micro-complement.
4, expanded fruit fertilizer: the fruit is rapidly expanding, the new shoot growth is stopped, this period is the second growth peak of the fruit tree, generally carried out in July; the purpose is to enrich the new shoots, promote fruit enlargement, improve fruit quality, promote flower buds Continue to differentiate, mainly based on phosphorus and potassium micro-fertilizer.
5, post-harvest fertilizer, but also Yangfei: the fruit is used after harvesting, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, and with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.
Thirteen, fruit tree fertilization method
1. Ring fertilization method: A little further away from the outer edge of the canopy projection, an annular groove is made, which is 30~50 cm wide and 20~40 cm deep. The fertilizer is mixed with the soil. This method is mostly used in the sapling stage.
2, radial fertilization method: in the canopy projection inside and outside each 40 cm, along the horizontal root growth direction, digging the radiation ditch 6-8, the groove width 30 cm, depth 20 ~ 40 cm, the shape is "inner narrow outer width, inner shallow Deep outside, fertilizer is mixed with soil, this method is mostly used for adult trees.
3, the point-like fertilization method: every 50 cm on the outer edge of the crown projection, digging deep 30 ~ 40 cm, about 30 cm in diameter, fertilizer and soil mixed application, this method is mostly used to apply fertilizer or liquid fertilizer.
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