A tool is a tool used in machining for machining, also known as a cutting tool. Generalized cutting tools include both tools and abrasive tools.
Most of the tools are machine-made, but they are also used by hand. Since the tools used in mechanical manufacturing are basically used to cut metal materials, the term "tool" is generally understood to mean a metal cutting tool. The tool used to cut wood is called a woodworking tool.
The development of cutting tools plays an important role in the history of human progress. As early as 28 BC to 20 BC, copper knives such as cones, drills, and knives of brass cones and copper have appeared. In the late Warring States period (3rd century BC), copper cutters were made due to the mastery of carburizing technology. The drill bits and saws at the time were somewhat similar to modern flat drills and saws.
However, the rapid development of the tool was in the late 18th century, accompanied by the development of machines such as steam engines. In 1783, France's Rene first produced a milling cutter. In 1792, the British Mozley made taps and dies. The earliest literature on the invention of twist drills was recorded in 1822, but it was not produced until 1864.
The tool at that time was made of integral high carbon tool steel with a cutting speed of about 5 m/min. In 1868, the British Mussett made alloy tool steel containing tungsten. In 1898, Taylor and the United States. White invented high speed steel. In 1923, Schletel of Germany invented cemented carbide.
When alloy tool steel is used, the cutting speed of the tool is increased to about 8 m/min, and when using high-speed steel, it is more than doubled. When using hard alloy, it is more than twice as high as that of high-speed steel. The surface quality and dimensional accuracy of the workpiece are also greatly improved.
Due to the high price of high speed steel and hard alloy, the tool has a welded and mechanically clamped structure. Between 1949 and 1950, the United States began using indexable inserts on turning tools, and soon applied to milling cutters and other tools. In 1938, the German company Degussa obtained a patent on ceramic knives. In 1972, General Electric Company of the United States produced polycrystalline synthetic diamond and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride inserts. These non-metallic tool materials allow the tool to cut at higher speeds.
In 1969, the Swedish Sandvik Steel Plant patented the production of titanium carbide coated carbide inserts by chemical vapor deposition. In 1972, Bangsa and Lagrange in the United States developed physical vapor deposition to coat hard surfaces of titanium carbide or titanium nitride on the surface of cemented carbide or high speed steel tools. The surface coating method combines the high strength and toughness of the base material with the high hardness and wear resistance of the surface layer, so that the composite material has better cutting performance.
The tool can be divided into five categories according to the form of the workpiece surface. Tools for machining various external surfaces, including turning tools, planing knives, milling cutters, outer surface broaches and boring tools, etc.; hole machining tools, including drills, reaming drills, boring tools, reamers and internal surface broaches; thread processing Tools, including taps, dies, automatic opening and closing thread cutting heads, thread turning tools and thread milling cutters; gear processing tools, including hobs, shaper knives, shaving cutters, bevel gear machining tools, etc.; cutting tools, including inlays Tooth circular saw blades, band saws, hacksaws, cutting tools and saw blade milling cutters, etc. In addition, there are combination tools.
According to the cutting motion mode and the corresponding blade shape, the tools can be divided into three categories. General-purpose tools such as turning tools, planing knives, milling cutters (excluding formed turning tools, forming planers and forming cutters), boring tools, drill bits, reaming drills, reamers and saws; forming tools, cutting edges for such tools Having the same or nearly the same shape as the workpiece to be machined, such as forming turning tools, forming planers, forming cutters, broaches, conical reamers, and various threading tools; etc.; forming tools are used to process gears. Tooth surface or similar workpieces such as hobs, pinion cutters, shaving cutters, bevel gear planers and bevel gear milling cutters.
The structure of each tool consists of a clamping part and a working part. The clamping part and the working part of the integral structural tool are made on the body; the working part (knife or blade) of the inserting tool is mounted on the body.
The clamping part of the tool has two types of holes and handles. The perforated tool is placed on the spindle or mandrel of the machine tool by means of the inner hole, and the torsional moment is transmitted by means of the axial key or the end key, such as a cylindrical milling cutter, a sleeve face milling cutter and the like.
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