Misunderstandings in fruit tree fertilization and their correction

The growth and development of fruit trees requires a large amount of mineral elements to be absorbed. These mineral elements other part comes from the nutrients contained in the soil itself, but also need to be supplemented by artificial fertilization. Therefore, in the cultivation and management of fruit trees, rational fertilization is an important measure to ensure the quality and stable yield of fruit trees. However, some orchards have some problems and deviations in the process of fertilization , which not only affects the exertion of fertilizer efficiency, but also has some negative effects ( such as fertilizer damage ) , which should be paid attention to by the majority of producers and corrected.

 

    1 does not pay attention to the application of organic fertilizer

 

    Before the 1970s , the main application of organic fertilizer in rural areas of China was organic fertilizer. Since the content of certain elements ( such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc. ) in organic fertilizers does not adequately meet the needs of crops, the level of production is low. In order to increase crop yield, it is necessary to increase the amount of fertilizer applied in an appropriate amount. According to statistics, at present, the nitrogen that organic fertilizer can provide only accounts for 30 % of the nitrogen required by crops . About 70 % depends on the supply of chemical fertilizers. Other fertilizer elements such as phosphorus and potassium also show similar conditions. The effect of increasing fertilizer yield is obvious. . For this reason, some fruit farmers have begun to ignore the application of organic fertilizers, and the application rate has been reduced year by year. Even some orchards no longer apply organic fertilizers, and chemical fertilizers alone are used to maintain production, resulting in soil compaction in fruit orchards and degraded fruit quality.

 

    The role of organic fertilizers in fruit tree production is irreplaceable. First, the nutrients contained in rich, full, is any kind of chemical fertilizers are not available; second, to improve the soil; Third, it helps to promote soil microbial activity in soil biological small cycles accelerate the process, in favor of fruit trees growth and development; Fourth capable of producing a large amount of organic fertilizer in the decomposition process of organic acids, can make some poorly soluble nutrients into soluble nutrients, improve the utilization of nutrients from the soil. Therefore, attention must be paid to the application of organic fertilizers to orchards. The application rate of the organic fertilizer is generally required to be applied in the same amount as the fruit tree yield or to be administered in multiples.

 

    2 fertilization area is incorrect

 

    During the growth and development of fruit trees, with the elongation and expansion of the aboveground part, the underground root system also grows downward and spreads to the periphery, especially the capillary roots with absorption function, which are mostly born at the end of the main and lateral roots. . In the case of the roots of fruit trees, the deep roots act to fix the tree and determine the growth, while the shallow roots play a role in determining the formation of flower buds and the quality of the fruit. Some fruit trees roots do not understand this feature, as the main parts in error at the root nearly dry fertilizer is absorbed, thus often fertilizer concentrate fertilizer applied to the nearly dry, even organic fertilizer deposited on or applied to the root of the neck On the trunk.

 

    The correct fertilization range is the projection edge of the canopy of the fruit tree and its farther distance ( except citrus ) . Even if the whole garden is fertilized, it is better to increase the utilization rate of the fertilizer by 1m away from the trunk .

 

    In the depth of fertilization, most orchards still dig trenches or dig holes under the canopy every autumn or spring, and the general ditch ( hole ) depth reaches 40 to 50 cm . Since the vast majority of the root trenching cave has been corrupted in a short time it is difficult to restore to its original level, and the second in April previously Fertilizers can not be absorbed by how much, just after the rainy season from July to August to It is absorbed a part, but since most of the fertilizer is applied too deep, the shallow roots are not absorbed, so it does not play much role in the formation of flower buds and the improvement of fruit quality, especially for the dense fruit trees with shallow root distribution. This is especially true, resulting in low yields and quality. Moreover , it takes a lot of time to work hard in deep fertilization.

 

    Thus, from fruit trees and root distribution in terms of the role, whether Fertilizers, pressed green manure or fertilizer, it should be considered shallow root absorption, with particular attention to 20cm surface soil organic matter content is improved. In the autumn, the base fertilizer should be applied in shallow ditch-like ditch ( deep depth of 10 to 20 cm) or shallow planing after application. Watering should be applied after application. However, for young fruit trees to promote deep roots and leaves, it is not advisable to use shallow methods.

 

    3 organic fertilizer directly used without decomposing

 

    Organic fertilizers are comprehensive in nutrients, but most of the nutrients contained in organic fertilizers are high molecular organic compounds, which require long-term decomposing and decomposition to be absorbed and utilized by fruit trees. In particular, undecomposed organic fertilizers have a slower decomposition rate, and organic acids and more heat are generated during the decomposition process, which tends to cause rooting. Further, raw feces often also contain toxic substances, bacteria and other seeds, therefore, should not be administered directly. The correct method is to carry out the high temperature stacking treatment of the raw manure, and the fertilizer is fully decomposed, and the nutrients are initially decomposed and then applied to the orchard. At the same time, high temperature stacking can kill grass seeds and germs in fertilizers, reduce toxins and prevent weeds and diseases.

 

    4   Do not pay attention to the balance between elements when fertilizing

 

    The growth and development of fruit trees requires the absorption of various nutrients. In addition to a large number of elements, trace elements are also important. If they are lacking, they are prone to deficiency. At the same time, there are still some help or antagonism in various elements. For example, when apples apply nitrogen fertilizer, the nitrogen content in the tree increases, and the absorption of magnesium is also increased. Conversely, when the nitrogen content is low, the absorption of magnesium is reduced. The nitrogen and potassium, boron, copper, zinc, phosphorus and other elements have antagonistic effects, such as excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, without the corresponding application of the above elements, the content of potassium, boron, copper, zinc, phosphorus and other elements in the tree is reduced accordingly . On the contrary, for a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to apples, increased potassium content in leaves, and the less nitrogen content of the soil, the more absorption of potassium fertilizer, and even lead to excess potassium due to be presented element deficiencies. Excessive application of phosphate fertilizer, if the potassium and magnesium fertilizers are not increased correspondingly, the absorption of potassium and magnesium is inhibited, and potassium and magnesium are insufficient. And excess potassium, calcium, magnesium absorption is reduced; conversely, low amounts of potassium can increase the content tree of calcium and magnesium. When calcium, ammonium ion is not conducive to the absorption, too, soil is alkaline, iron, manganese, zinc, boron, becomes insoluble, leading to the occurrence of element deficiencies. However, in the actual production, some fruit farmers do not pay attention to or understand the balance of fertilizers. In the application of fertilizer, nitrogen and phosphorus are the main factors, and other elements are applied less, resulting in the occurrence of deficiency syndrome, low yield and degraded quality. To change this situation, it is necessary to understand the soil type, the lack of nutrients in the soil, and the demand for different nutrients in the fruit trees. It is best to carry out soil testing and formula fertilization to avoid the occurrence of fruit tree deficiency syndrome.

 

    5 improper fertilization method

 

    The absorption of fertilizer by the roots of fruit trees includes active and passive absorption. Active absorption is achieved by its own power, and passive absorption is achieved by osmotic pressure, that is, from high concentration to low concentration. Therefore, maintaining a proper fertilizer concentration in the rhizosphere is beneficial to the absorption of fertilizer, but excessive concentration can cause root burning. Some fruit farmers often apply fertilizer ( including organic fertilizer and fertilizer ) to the ditch when applying fertilizer . This is not right. The correct way is to mix the organic fertilizer and the soil before applying it to the ditch. Apply chemical fertilizer, preferably after dilution and then watering, or immediately after application, so as not to cause local concentration is too high and root burning.

 

    6   Foliar application

 

    Foliar spray can be directly absorbed by the leaves, which is an efficient and rapid method of fertilization, so it is widely used by the majority of fruit farmers. However, some farmers during spraying in there are some irregularities: one is the inappropriate choice of the type of fertilizer, such as ammonium bicarbonate spraying, resulting in burning leaves; the second is not accurate spray sites; the third is not to master concentration Quasi, high or low. The correct method: First, according to the fruit tree needs to choose the type of fertilizer, the urea is the most widely used and the effect is better. Pears and persimmons absorb more phosphorus, followed by grapes, and citrus and peaches absorb less phosphorus. The second is to determine the optimum spray site. Nutrients mobility different tree, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium metal elements very easy to move, followed by sulfur and chlorine. Iron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, and copper are not easily moved, and boron, magnesium, and calcium are hardly moved. Therefore, spraying parts to be different, especially in the poor mobility of trace elements tree body, the most well sprayed directly on the organ needed. In addition, the leaf back absorbs faster than the leaf surface, and the spray back should focus on the leaf back. The third is to determine a reasonable concentration of fertilizer. Different concentrations must be used depending on the growth period and climatic conditions and tree species . The concentration of young leaves should be low, and the age-old leaves should be high; the areas and seasons with more rainfall can be higher, and vice versa. In fruit trees, peach, pear, and strawberry can use higher concentrations of urea, while plum, cherry, grape, and other berry fruit trees should be reduced accordingly. In addition, the amount of spraying should be sufficient, the leaves are moist, the drop is not dripping, and the foliar spray fertilizer concentration is generally low, and the fertilizer content is less. In order to improve the spraying effect, it is best to spray continuously for 2 to 3 times. The interval is 10 to 15 days.  

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